probiotic series
Fos (Fructo-Oligosaccharides)
Oligosaccharides are carbohydrate polymers comprised of three to ten monosaccharides or simple sugar. Oligosaccharides can also form polysaccharides through multiple linkages. It plays a role as prebiotic which feed the probiotic in intestine which enhances the growth of probiotic in human’s gut. They are mostly used as functional ingredients.
Benefits
Low Glycemic Index
Oligosaccharides have low glycemic index, which has shown to reduce postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses and improve the overall blood glucose and lipid concentrations in normal subjects, and patients with diabetes mellitus (Kawamori et al. 2007).
Reduce Risk of Obesity
Optimal intake of the functional oligosaccharides reduces the risk of obesity, blood pressure and many other cardiovascular diseases. Bird et al.(2006) showed that adding certain the functional oligosaccharides sources to mixed test meals at the level of 4–10 g/meal can, to some extent, reduce the postprandial triglyceridemia and cholesterolemia generated by a mixed meal.
Reference
Bird, A., Brown, I. and Topping, D. (2006). Low and high amylose maize starches acetylated by a commercial or a laboratory process both deliver acetate to the large bowel of rats. Food Hydrocolloids, 20(8), 1135-1140.
Kawamori, R., Kadowaki, T., Onji, M., Seino, Y. and Akanuma, Y. (2007). Hepatic safety profile and glycemic control of pioglitazone in more than 20,000 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Postmarketing surveillance study in Japan. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 76(2), 229-235.
Messner, P., Allmaier, G., Schäffer, C., Wugeditsch, T., Lortal, S., König, H., Niemetz, R. and Dorner, M., 1997. III. Biochemistry of S-layers. FEMS microbiology reviews, 20(1-2), pp.25-46.
Lactobacillus Acidophilus
L. acidophilus is a member of the Lactobacillusgenus of bacteria, and it plays an important role in human health. Its name gives an indication of what it produces — lactic acid. It does this by producing an enzyme called lactase. Lactase breaks down lactose, a sugar found in milk, into lactic acid. It is often used as probiotics and The World Health Organization defines probioticsas “live micro-organisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host”.
Benefits
Cholesterol Level Control
High cholesterol levels may increase the risk of heart disease. Fortunately, studies suggest that certain probiotics can help reduce cholesterol levels and that L. acidophilus may be more effective than other types of probiotics. here is evidence that combining L. acidophilus with prebiotics, or indigestible carbs that help good bacteria grow, can help increase HDL cholesterol and lower blood sugar (Moroti et al. 2012). Furthermore, other studies have shown that yogurt supplemented with L. acidophilus helped reduce cholesterol levels by up to 7% more than ordinary yogurt (Anderson and Gilliland 1999)
Improve Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects up to one in five people in certain countries. Its symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating and unusual bowel movements. In a study in 60 people with functional bowel disorders including IBS, taking a combination of L. acidophilus and another probiotic for one to two months improved bloating (Ringel- Kulka et al. 2011). A similar study found that L. acidophilus alone also reduced abdominal pain in IBS patients (Sinn et al. 2008). One study involving 18 healthy volunteers showed those who received L. acidophilus and cellobiose showed increased levels of Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, Collinsella, and Eubacterium, while Dialister was decreased (Van et al. 2014)
Prevent and Reduce Diarrhea
Diarrhea can be dangerous if it lasts a long time, as it results in fluid loss and, in some cases, dehydration. One meta-analysis involving more than 300 children found that L. acidophilus helped reduce diarrhea, but only in hospitalized children (Szajewska, Ruszczyński and Kolaček 2013). In a research review published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in 2013, for instance, scientists analyzed 23 previously published trials on the use of various types of probiotics to prevent C. difficile-associated diarrhea and concluded that the short-term use of probiotics is safe and effective for preventing C. diff-associated diarrhea in people who do not have weakened immune systems or are severely debilitated (Johnston and Torlund 2009).
Prevent Vaginal Infection
Lactobacilli are typically the most common bacteria in the vagina. They produce lactic acid, which prevents the growth of other harmful bacteria. However, in cases of certain vaginal disorders, other species of bacteria begin to outnumber lactobacilli. A number of studies have found taking L. acidophilus as a probiotic supplement can prevent and treat vaginal infections by increasing lactobacilli in the vagina (Ya, Reifer and Miller 2010).
Boost Immunity
Healthy bacteria like L. acidophilus can boost the immune system and thus help reduce the risk of viral infections. A 2015 study, for example, found that adding L. acidophilus to the diet of black swordtail fish supported their immune system in several ways. The swordtails were less affected by stress, and their gut microbiota was stronger. The probiotic also improved the health of their skin mucus, which provides an important barrier to infections (Hoseinifiar et al. 2015).
In another study in 326 children, six months of daily L. acidophilus probiotics reduced fever by 53%, coughing by 41%, antibiotic use by 68% and days absent from school by 32% (Leyer et al. 2009)
References
Anderson, J. W., & Gilliland, S. E. (1999). Effect of Fermented Milk (Yogurt) ContainingLactobacillus AcidophilusL1 on Serum Cholesterol in Hypercholesterolemic Humans. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 18(1), 43-50.
Hoseinifar, S. H., Roosta, Z., Hajimoradloo, A., & Vakili, F. (2015). The effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus as feed supplement on skin mucosal immune parameters, intestinal microbiota, stress resistance and growth performance of black swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 42(2), 533-538.
Johnston, B. C., & Thorlund, K. (2009). Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in adults and children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
Leyer, G. J., Li, S., Mubasher, M. E., Reifer, C., & Ouwehand, A. C. (2009). Probiotic Effects on Cold and Influenza-Like Symptom Incidence and Duration in Children. PEDIATRICS, 124(2), e172-e179.
Moroti, C., Souza Magri, L., De Rezende Costa, M., Cavallini, D. C., & Sivieri, K. (2012). Effect of the consumption of a new symbiotic shake on glycemia and cholesterol levels in elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipids in Health and Disease, 11(1), 29.
Ringel-Kulka, T., Palsson, O. S., Maier, D., Carroll, I., Galanko, J. A., Leyer, G., & Ringel, Y. (2011). Probiotic Bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 Versus Placebo for the Symptoms of Bloating in Patients With Functional Bowel Disorders. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 45(6), 518-525.
Sinn, D. H., Song, J. H., Kim, H. J., Lee, J. H., Son, H. J., Chang, D. K., … Rhee, P. (2008). Therapeutic Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus-SDC 2012, 2013 in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 53(10), 2714-2718.
Szajewska, H., Ruszczyński, M., & Kolaček, S. (2013). Meta-analysis shows limited evidence for usingLactobacillus acidophilusLB to treat acute gastroenteritis in children. Acta Paediatrica, 103(3), 249-255.
Van Zanten, G. C., Krych, L., Röytiö, H., Forssten, S., Lahtinen, S. J., Al-Soud, W. A., … Jakobsen, M. (2014). SynbioticLactobacillus acidophilusNCFM and cellobiose does not affect human gut bacterial diversity but increases abundance of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and branched-chain fatty acids: a randomized, double-blinded cross-over trial. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 90(1), 225-236.
Ya, W., Reifer, C., & Miller, L. E. (2010). Efficacy of vaginal probiotic capsules for recurrent bacterial vaginosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 203(2), 120.e1-120.e6.
Bifidobacterium Longum Rossell-175
GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH
Adhesion capacity:
- In general, B. longum Rosell-175 shows a moderate level of binding to Caco-2 epithelial cells(4). Globally it has been shown that strains of the species B. longum are able to bind to human intestinal mucus(5). This is a prerequisite for prolonged transient colonization, it is important for immune modulation, and may stimulate healing of damaged mucosa.
Inhibition of intestinal pathogens:
- The effect of Rosell-175 on the adherence of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7, also known as enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), has been determined. An in vitro study has demonstrated that B. longum Rosell-175 partially inhibits E. coli O157:H7 binding to Intestinal Epithelial Cells (IEC) in a dose-dependent manner, in both exclusion and competition assays. However, it is unable to displace E. coli O157:H7 bound to intestinal epithelial cells. These results suggest that B. longum Rosell-175 competes with pathogens for adhesion to epithelial cells and may have beneficial preventive effects against disease caused by E. coli O157:H7 (Fig.2)(6).
- In an in vitro screening, longum Rosell-175 has shown an antimicrobial activity against a number of enteric pathogens such as Escherichia coli, E. coli ETEC, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus SARM, Cronobacter sakazakii, Clostridium difficile, Enterococcus faecium VRE and Klebsiella pneumoniae(1).
Breakdown of fibers :
- In an in vitro study, it was shown that B. longum Rosell-175 was able to enhance the digestibility of oligosaccharides which may cause intestinal disturbances such as flatulence(7).
Ulcerative Colitis
- Efficacy of B. longum Rosell-175 has been demonstrated in human, in a synbiotic combination.A case study has been carried out with a 9 year-old female suffering from ulcerative colitis with symptoms of abdominal pain, weight loss and loose stools. After unsuccessful conventional treatments, she was given a standard therapy (mesalamine + steroid) with B. longum Rosell-175 (2*1010 CFU/day) + inulin (15g/day) for 1 year. The patient has remained in clinical remission with an overall improved well-being and complete resolution of symptoms(8).
- In a pilot study, pediatric study participants (n=9; 8-18 years) with ulcerative colitis in remission were provided synbiotic therapy (Rosell-175 2*1010 CFU/day and inulin 15g/day) or placebo for 10 months (phase I). At 10 months, the study was unblinded and synbiotic therapy was administered to 8 pediatric study participants (phase II). Phase I quality-of-life scores were significantly better for those receiving the synbiotic therapy versus the placebo; no study participants receiving synbiotic therapy experienced severe symptoms (p=0.014) (Fig.3). Phase II quality-of-life scores were significantly better post treatment with synbiotic therapy (p=0.034) (Fig.4)(9).
IMMUNE HEALTH
Downregulation of inflammatory response:
- B. longum Rosell-175 plays a beneficial role in decreasing the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1-β) by intestinal cell lines stimulated by pathogenic bacteria (Fig.5). In the same in vitro study, B. longum Rosell-175 also prevents over-expression of RANTES (Regulated on Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Secreted), which is apparent in inflammatory states(4).
- Clinical studies performed on this species have also shown that B. longum could reduce the influence of influenza and fever in elderly, probably by potentiating innate immunity(10).
PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL EQUILIBRIUM
Today, it appears that the microbiota plays a role in the bidirectional dialogue between the brain and the gut. Thus, probiotics capable to interact with the digestive microbiota can have an effect on psychological troubles such as stress and anxiety.
- In a preclinical study, it has been shown that oral administration of Probio’Stick®, a combination of B. longum Rosell-175 and L. helveticus Rosell-52 has a significant anxiolytic-like effect in a rat model (n=36) comparable to Diazepam, an anxiolytic sedative used as a positive control(11).
- In a rat model of post-myocardia infarction depression, a condition associated with increased mortality in human, probiotics had a preventive effect against depressive behaviour and decreased the tendency of brain cells to enter into apoptosis (also named programmed cell death, a form of cellular suicide) in areas of brain associated with mood and behaviour (limbic and hippocampic areas). This mechanism could involve pro-inflammatory cytokines and lead to the restoration of the integrity of the intestinal barrier(12,13).
IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSICAl AND PSYCHOlOGICAl SYMPTOMS OF STRESS:
- A clinical trial (n=75) has shown that a daily administration of B. longum Rosell-175 in association with L. helveticus Rosell-52 allows a significant reduction of physiological symptoms associated with chronic stress, in particular abdominal pain and nausea(14).
- A clinical study conducted on 55 subjects, has revealed that this blend allows a reduction of anxiety and depression signs in human volonteers after 30 days of treatment, using psychological tests (HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and HSCL-90, The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-90) (Fig.6) and a biomarker of stress (cortisol)(15).
